Contributi scientifici in memoria di Antonio Fusco.

Come si leggerà nell'Introduzione della sezione propriamente scientifica del Volume, il presente testo nasce dalla volontà e, soprattutto, dall'esigenza culturale di omaggiare il fu Prof. Antonio Fusco. Un debito scientifico ed umano che trova il suo locus naturale in questa prima parte del testo stesso, cui farà poi seguito la parte propriamente scientifica. In siffatta parentesi dovuta per le ragioni appena menzionate, il lettore, l'amico o l'allievo dell'opera del Prof. Fusco potranno trovare un suo sintetico Curriculum Vitae, correlato da una specifica ed accurata prosa, svolta dal già Magnifico Rettore Carlo Cipolli; il quale, oltre che evidenziare, ricordando, i meriti del collega oramai scomparso, aggiunge alsuo scritto un elemento che sarebbe imprescindibile a non trasformare lo stesso in una mera sequenza di parole: l'amicizia e l'affetto per un amico che, oramai, non c'è più. A fine lettura, evidente risuonerà il fatto che la vita di ognuno, se mossa dalla passione per ciò per cui si è predisposti cognitivamente e psicologicamente, può essere ricca di riconoscimenti, riconoscenze e soddisfazioni che, lungi dal divenire un cuscino di allori su cui adagiarsi, per una mente creativa come quella del Prof. Fusco hanno funto solo da motivazioni ad agire instancabilmente guardando sempre al futuro. Il lavoro di una vita che, materialmente, è sancito da un supporto poco più di cm 25x15: una targa. Una materialità evidente che, con grande commozione e riconoscenza, è stata affissa il 25 ottobre 2019 sull'aula fronte l'Aula Magna del Campus "La Folcara", a testimonianza che quello spirito creativo in continua evoluzione non si ferma; non si arresta neppure con la fine biologica di chi lo ha "posseduto". Rimangono le opere ed il pensiero del Prof. Fusco e restano gli affetti. A tal proposito, il lettore troverà una breve e sentita sezione su Testimonianze; coloro i quali hanno avuto modo, nell'arco della vita accademica ed umana, personale, di Fusco di conoscerlo. Ecco, allora, che i ricordi saranno i veri protagonisti di questa parentesi. Dopo di ciò, prima dei contributi prettamente scientifici dei lavori, tenutisi in occasione del Convegno Internazionale Psicologia, Arte, Letteratura. Antiche e Nuove Tendenze, seguiranno i saluti delle autorità che in quei due giorni si sono succedute a rappresentare non solo l'istituzione affiliata, ma anche la relazione di stima e di affetto che le legava al compianto Professore. Si passerà, infine, al volume tradizionalmente inteso.

Age-related differences in sleep-dependent consolidation of motor skills in patients with narcolepsy type 1.

OBJECTIVE: The influence of post-training sleep on the consolidation process of procedural (ie, visual and motor) knowledge has shown to be less effective in patients with chronic sleep disorders compared with healthy subjects. To ascertain whether the influence of the altered architecture of sleep in patients with narcolepsy type 1 (ie, with cataplexy: NT1) also varies with age, we compared the performance values of 16 children (aged from nine to 14 years) and 16 adults (aged from 24 to 51 years) on finger tapping task (FTT) after daytime and nighttime periods of sleep in the 24 hours following training. METHODS: All patients, who were drug-free and underwent continuous polysomnographic recordings, could take one or more naps after the training session (at 10 a.m.) until one hour before the first retrieval session (at 6 p.m.) and had an undisturbed period of nighttime sleep from about 10 p.m. to two hours before the second retrieval session (again at 10 a.m.). RESULTS: The pattern of sleep-dependent consolidation was significantly different in the two groups of patients: while performance accuracy was higher in adults compared with children at each session, performance speed improved after daytime sleep in children and after nighttime sleep in adults. The improvement in performance speed, although not related with any sleep parameters in both groups, was positively correlated with the daytime and nighttime total sleep time (TST) in children with greater consolidation gain. CONCLUSION: The interaction between time of day and age in the time course of consolidation of new motor skills discloses a different role of daytime sleep (active in children, simply protective from interferences in adults) in NT1 patients and suggests a flexible use of napping in the educational context.

Sleep-dependent consolidation of motor skills in patients with narcolepsy-cataplexy.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: This study investigated whether the altered organization of post-training sleep in patients with narcolepsy-cataplexy (NC) is associated with a lower off-line improvement in the consolidation of motor skills compared with normal subjects. STUDY DESIGN: Fourteen drug-naive NC patients, fulfilling the international clinical and polysomnographic diagnostic criteria, and 14 individually-matched controls underwent training at a sequential finger tapping task (FTT) and were re-tested on the next morning (after a night with polysomnographic recording) and after another six nights (spent at home). SETTING: Training and retrieval sessions were performed in a controlled laboratory setting. RESULTS: FTT performance was worse in NC patients than controls at training and at both retrieval sessions and showed a fairly different time course (slower than in controls) of consolidation. Several sleep indices (lower values of stage-2 NREM sleep and SWS) were compatible with a lower effectiveness of sleep for consolidation of motor skills in NC patients, although no statistically significant relationship was found between such indices and improvement rate. CONCLUSION: The consolidation process of motor skills results less effective in NC patients since training and slower than in normal subjects over the week following training. The wider variations in performance scores and sleep parameters of post.-training night in NC patients relative to controls suggest that a) the lower initial consolidation may be due to a less effective encoding consequent to altered prior sleep, and b) the consolidation process over the 24 h following training is negatively influenced not only by the altered characteristics of post-training sleep, but also by the daytime sleepiness following training.

Autonomic reactivity during viewing of an unpleasant film.

The effect of an aversive, high-arousing film on heart rate, respiratory sinus arrhythmia, and electrogastrographic activity (EGG) was investigated. Previous studies have indicated a larger heart-rate deceleration for visual stimuli depicting surgery or blood compared to neutral content, and this phenomenon is similar to the bradycardia observed in animals in response to fear. The heart-rate deceleration is clearly parasympathetically driven, and it is considered a general index of attention. An accurate index of cardiac vagal tone can be obtained by means of quantification of the amplitude of respiratory sinus arrhythmia. The relationship between cardiac vagal tone and EGG is complex, but animal research has shown that suppressing vagal activity dampens gastric motility. We have investigated whether a movie depicting surgery is associated with greater heart-rate deceleration, larger increase in respiratory sinus arrhythmia, and greater increase in EGG activity compared to a neutral movie. In addition, if both respiratory sinus arrhythmia and EGG are indices of vagal tone, a positive correlation between these physiological responses was expected. Analysis indicated an effect of the surgery movie on heart rate and respiratory sinus arrhythmia, but not on EGG activity. Moreover, the expected correlation was not found. Implications for future studies are discussed.

Active processing of declarative knowledge during REM-sleep dreaming.

The ability to process recently acquired knowledge is clearly maintained during sleep. Here we assess whether and how far the sleeper controls this processing (in a non-volitional and non-conscious manner). We posit that during sleep, the cognitive concerns of previous waking may guide access to, and processing of, items of declarative knowledge with which those concerns are associated. In a delayed recall task, before each of three sleep onsets in the same night, 12 subjects heard a different nonsense sentence. When awakened in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, they were asked to report their dream experience and to recall the last sentence heard. Occurrences of incorporation into dream content were more frequent for this sentence than for the sentences heard before previous sleep onsets, and also more frequent than occurrences of similar contents in reports from a control night. However, the modalities of elaboration of dream contents did not vary. These findings indicate that cognitive concern can affect the accessing of recently acquired declarative knowledge during sleep, but not the modalities by which this is inserted into dream content. They also suggest that cognitive concern may help consolidate knowledge by increasing the likelihood of it being processed during sleep.

Endocrine and psychophysiological aspects of human adaptation to the extreme.

Human beings need to adapt to any extreme, unknown, or isolated environment. This adaptation requires changes in the normal regulation of psychophysiological homeostasis, as described in terms of stress reaction. The aim of the present study was to monitor the processes of human adaptation to cold and isolated areas in Antarctica during the 12th expedition of the Italian National Research Program. Nine healthy subjects (experimental subjects), members of the expedition, and nine controls in Italy, were studied over a period of 2 months. Anterior pituitary hormone secretion, insulin, and melatonin, plus routine blood test, blood pressure, and ECG were performed. In addition, psychophysiological correlates were also recorded before and after the expedition period. In experimental subjects results of metabolic data suggested the presence of an increased peripheral insulin sensitivity at the end of the permanence in the station and a significant increased of total cholesterol. Hematocrit also significantly increased due to the conditions of hypobaric hypoxia. Results of endocrine data showed a significant decrease (p < 0.05) of hormone levels, which was associated with a significant decrement of the Galvanic Skin Response (GSR) activity to a standardized cognitive stress. No significant differences were reported in the controls. The data suggest that the exposure to the extreme environment develops a possible psychophysiological mechanism(s) that decreases the individual arousal.

Story-like organization of dream experience in different periods of REM sleep.

Four dream reports, collected from each of 16 subjects in an experimental night, were analysed using the criteria of Mandler and Johnson's story grammar. The experimental night was the first of the four nights where subjects had spontaneously given a dream report after each of the four awakenings planned in REM sleep. A multivariate analysis of covariance, taking the order of the nights where the experimental night occurred and the order of reports as factors, the number of stories per report as covariate and the number of statements in the setting, the number of statements in the event structure and number of episodes per story as dependent variables, showed that the greater length and complexity of reports collected in the second half of the night depends on a greater effectiveness of the dream production system rather than on a greater accuracy of recall. This increase concerns the organization of individual stories rather than the number of stories developed in a given time. These findings raise the issue of how dream production is re-triggered during REM sleep. To cast light on this issue, it seems important to establish whether and how the themes of the various stories developed in a given dream experience are interrelated.

Modifications of electrogastrographic activity during the viewing of brief film sequences.

The experiment assessed the effects of two film sequences, a pleasant documentary and a distressful scene, on electrogastrographic (EGG), electromyographic (EMG), and heart-rate responses during digestion by 30 healthy students. The physiological measures were recorded before and during the projection of each film sequence. At the end of each viewing period, subjects completed a self-rating questionnaire on the emotional experience. Analysis yielded a significant increase in heart-rate and EMG values during the viewing of the film sequences and a significant decrease in amplitude of the 3 cycles per minute (cpm) wave of EGG during the unpleasant film. The type of film sequence had also a statistically significant effect on the self-ratings of emotional states.

Recall of mental sleep experience with or without prior verbalization.

We investigated whether verbalization of contents of mental sleep experience (MSE), just after awakening provoked during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, facilitates subsequent recall in the morning. Twelve subjects were awakened four times in each of two experimental nights and alternately asked to recall, with or without concurrent verbalization, MSE contents preceding the awakening. In the morning, the subjects were asked to report MSEs both verbalized and nonverbalized during the night. If subjects were unable to provide a spontaneous morning report, they were prompted using a probe, which was the title given by the subjects to each MSE at the end of its verbalization or covert recall at night. Frequencies of spontaneous reports were high, regardless of whether MSEs had been previously verbalized or not. The proportions of spontaneous and probed reports were similar for verbalized and nonverbalized MSEs, but spontaneous morning reports were longer than probed ones, regardless of their previous verbalization. Spontaneous and probed morning reports corresponding to night reports shared similar linguistic structures (i.e., length of sentences and proportions of waking-related utterances, which are indicative of difficulty of retrieval for MSE contents) and had similar percentages of contents common to night and morning reports. These findings support the hypothesis that verbalization does not directly influence the further accessibility of MSE contents.

Gaze and eye-contact with anorexic adolescents.

Interviews with seven anorexic female adolescents and 12 control subjects were videotaped for analysis of visual behaviour. Individual looking and mutual gaze of subject and interviewer were coded by two judges and recorded through a two-channel push-button system of time recording for 10 min of interview segments. The results indicated that anorexics looked toward the eyes of the interviewer less frequently and more briefly than controls, and that mutual gazing was less common.

Accessing previous mental sleep experience in REM and NREM sleep.

This study investigated the processes by which contents previously stored in memory are retrieved and inserted into mental sleep experience (MSE). MSE reports were collected from six subjects awakened three times on each of eight nights in two alternate sequences of awakenings (NREM-REM-NREM; REM-REM-REM). The occurrences of interrelations between contents of report pairs were scored using Clark's (1970) feature matching model. These were greater for same night pairs than for different night pairs, and did not differ with respect to sequence of awakenings or order of report pairs (first-second, second-third, first-third). Contents of previous MSEs, therefore, seem to be accessible in both sleep types for insertion into current MSE. The interrelated units were more frequently lexical than propositional, with more paradigmatic than syntagmatic relationships in report pairs from both sequences of awakenings. Thus, the re-elaboration of contents of previous MSEs seems to occur mainly at the level of single contents in both types of sleep, with similar modalities of processing.